原发性肝癌是一种严重威胁我国人民身体健康的致死性疾病。以往的肝癌治疗主要针对癌细胞本身，但近年来的研究表明，免疫系统尤其是肿瘤微环境对于肝癌的发生、发展具有十分重要的调控作用。本文瞄准肝癌发生过程中免疫调控这一研究热点，对肿瘤微环境中的淋巴细胞、炎症细胞、细胞因子、趋化因子等关键要素在肝癌发生、发展过程中所发挥的重要调控作用进行初步探讨，尝试从分子和细胞水平阐述免疫系统对于肝癌发生、发展的双向调控作用，并对这些关键因子的抗肿瘤作用和潜在的药物开发前景进行评价，希望为肝癌的发病机制研究以及肝癌免疫治疗药物的研发提供一定的线索。

Primary liver cancer is one of the most common and aggressive malignant diseases in China. The traditional therapeutic strategies to live cancer most focus on cancer cells only, but more and more researches have shown that the immune system and tumor microenvironment are also important to hepatocellular carcinogenesis. In this paper, we focus on the immune regulation to liver cancer and mainly talk about the function of tumor microenvironment, such as lymphocytes, inflammatory cells, cytokines and chemokines in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. We attempte to briefly elucidate the double-edged regulation functions of immune system on liver cancer in cellular and molecular levels. Meanwhile, we also emphasize the anti-tumor effects and potential clinical applications of these immune regulators. We believe that the further understanding of immune regulation in liver cancer will help us to discover the mechanism of carcinogenesis and explore new drug for liver cancer immunotherapy.

上海市科委生物医药领域重点科技攻关专项资助（No. 074319104）；上海市教委和上海市教育发展基金会“晨光计划”项目资助（No. 2008CG27）。