免疫佐剂是能增强或改变抗原特异性免疫应答从而辅助疫苗发挥作用的制剂。大多数人体自发性肿瘤的免疫原性较弱，而免疫佐剂具有增强肿瘤抗原免疫原性、促进抗原提呈以及诱导机体产生抗肿瘤免疫应答等特性，这对提高肿瘤生物治疗效果具有重要意义。根据功能与机制的不同，可将佐剂分为免疫调节分子类、抗原递送系统类、免疫调节与抗原递送联合类三大类型。目前已有铝盐、乳剂、病毒颗粒、霍乱肠毒素和CpG ODN等佐剂获得批准用于人类疫苗或进入临床试验阶段，但由于安全问题、不良反应等限制因素及新型现代疫苗迅猛发展的需要，研发能与疫苗安全高效配伍应用的新型佐剂成为免疫临床转化研究的热点之一。本文归纳了免疫佐剂特性及其相关作用机制，介绍了免疫佐剂研究与临床转化的现状及新进展，讨论了该领域面临的挑战和可能的发展趋势。

Immunologic adjuvants are compounds that can help vaccines to enhance or change the antigen-specific immune response. The vast majority of human spontaneous tumors are weakly immunogenic or non-immunogenic. Adjuvants can enhance the immunogenicity of tumor antigens, promote antigen presentation, and induce anti-tumor immune response, thus having important implications in improving the efficacy of cancer biotherapy. Adjuvants can be classified according to their functional properties and the mechanisms underlying their functional activities into three types: immunomodulatory adjuvants, antigen-deliverying adjuvants and adjuvants with immunomodulatory-antigen delivery functions. Aluminum, emulsion, virosome, cholera toxin, CpG ODN and other adjuvants have now been approved for combinational use with human vaccine(s) in clinics or clinical trials. Nevertheless, the currently available adjuvants are associated with some limitations such as suboptimal safety profiles and significant adverse effects, thus prompting for the development of novel types of safer and more efficient vaccines and adjuvants, which is becoming one of the hottest areas of translational research in immunotherapy. This review aims to summarize the characteristics of adjuvants and the mechanisms underlying their effects, present the recent advances and current status in the translational research of adjuvants, and discusse the challenges and possible trends in adjuvant development in the future.

国家自然科学基金资助项目（No. 31270913）