精准医疗（precision medicine）作为一种全新的医学概念与医疗模式，已日益在恶性肿瘤临床治疗中显示其价值。精准细胞免疫治疗（precision cell immunotherapy, PCIT）是基于肿瘤患者基因检测，筛选可引起强烈免疫反应的新抗原（neo-antigen），进而寻找并富集针对新抗原的精准T细胞（precision T cell for neo-antigen，PNA-T），扩增后回输患者的治疗新策略。相对于其他精准医学治疗方式，精准细胞免疫治疗具有比较独特的优势，有望成为中国肿瘤精准医学治疗的重要突破口。本文围绕肿瘤精准细胞免疫治疗面临的机遇与挑战，从概念、特点、流程、技术难点等方面进行了详细阐述，并对比了其与转基因嵌合抗原受体T细胞（chimeric antigen recepor T cell, CAR-T)的异同，勾勒出肿瘤精准细胞免疫治疗的美好前景。

Precision medicine is a novel medical concept and medical model. Its benefits in the treatment of malignant tumors are being increasingly demonstrated in clinical settings. Precision immunotherapy is one of precision medicine strategies. In case of caner treatment, precision immunotherapy involves genetic screening of mutations, identification of the neo-antigen(s) capable of triggering strong immune responses using bioinformatics tools, screening and enrichment of the precision T cells for Neo-Antigen(s) (referred to as PNA-Ts), and amplification of the PNA-Ts in a large scale and transfusion of the PNA-Ts back into the autologous patients. Among the various existing treatment strategies for cancer patients, precision immunotherapy, by virtue of its unique advantages, is expected to become an important breakthrough in the treatment of cancer in China. This paper aims to outline the concept, features, processes, technical difficulties, etc. of precision cancer immunotherapy and compare the cons and pros of precision immunotherapy and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy. We will also discuss the opportunities and challenges of precision immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer, particularly in China.

国家科技重大专项资助项目（No. 2013ZX09102-060, 2013ZX10002-010-007, 2012ZX0002-014-005）。