随着靶向治疗、免疫治疗等新技术的发展，肿瘤诊疗已经步入精准医疗的新时代。液体活检作为一种便捷、无创、能够动态反映肿瘤基因谱全貌的方法在肿瘤精准医疗中发挥着越来越重要的作用。 血液循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cell,CTC)检测是最早开展的液体活检技术,在肿瘤早期诊断、预后判断、疗效评估等方面获得了广泛应用。 初级阶段CTC的检测以单纯计数为主，但人们逐渐发现单纯计数无法真实反映肿瘤的负荷及变化情况。随着单细胞测序等技术的不断发展，人们对CTC的认识也不断深入，逐渐转向以分子表型和功能分析为主的高级阶段。本文结合近年来的临床实践，重点阐述CTC检测从初级阶段发展到高级阶段及其在肿瘤精准医疗中应用的研究进展。

With development of novel techniques for targeted therapy, immunotherapy and so on, the tumor diagnosis and treatment have entered a new era of precision treatment. Liquid biopsy played an increasingly important role in the precision treatment of tumors as a convenient and noninvasive assay which could dynamically reflect the whole pictures of tumor gene spectrum. Detection of circulation tumor cells (CTCs) in blood is the earliest liquid biopsy technique and has been widely used in the early diagnosis, prognosis judgment, efficacy evaluation and so on for tumors. At primary stage, the detection of CTCs mainly based on a purely counting. However, a fact that the purely counting cannot really reflect the situations of tumor load and changes was gradually found. With continuous developments of sequencing technique and so on for a single cell, understanding of CTCs is also deepening and the detection of CTCs gradually turned to the advanced stage that is based on analysis of molecular phenotype and function. This paper mainly elaborated a development of CTCs detection from a primary stage to an advanced one and progresses of the research on its application in the precision treatment of tumor, combining with clinical practice for recent years.

国家自然科学基金项目（No. 81672350, No.81472770, No.81272280）；上海市重点弱势学科支持项目-检验病理学科(No.2015ZB0202)