由于肾细胞癌（renal cell carcinoma, RCC）的内在抵抗性，使得其对放、化疗均不敏感，生物治疗成为转移性肾细胞癌（metastatic renal cell carcinoma, mRCC）患者唯一的选择。随着对RCC的进一步了解，小分子靶向药物治疗已逐步取代了以往的细胞因子疗法。近年来，新型免疫疗法成为RCC生物治疗研究的热点；小分子靶向药物治疗和新型免疫疗法在RCC治疗中显示出极大的优势，提高了患者的生存时间和生活质量，但是反应率低、耐药、副反应等问题也随之出现。为RCC患者提供个体化治疗，让患者从治疗中得到更大的益处是临床工作者努力的目标。

Due to the inherent resistance,renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is insensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy;thus, biotherapy is the only option for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). With the further understanding of RCC, small molecule targeted drug therapy has gradually replaced the previous cytokine therapy. In recent years, new immunotherapy has become the focus of research in the biotherapy of RCC. Small molecule targeted drug therapy and new immunotherapy have shown great advantages in the treatment, they can improve the survival time and quality of life for RCC patients; however,the low response rate, drug-esistance, side effects and other issues also appear. Thus, providing personalized treatment to bring greater benefits for RCC patients is the goal for clinical practitioners.

国家自然科学基金重点项目（No.281730073）；第二军医大学精准医学转化应用研究专项（No.2017JZ22）