肿瘤免疫治疗的新策略发展迅速，已经成为肿瘤治疗最受瞩目的领域。关于如何实现最理想抗肿瘤免疫效果，可采用“被动”免疫疗法如过继性细胞疗法、基因工程T细胞等直接攻击肿瘤细胞，也可采用“主动”免疫疗法如细胞因子、肿瘤疫苗、免疫检查点抑制剂等调节并激活免疫系统。原位疫苗以局部瘤内注射的方式，将“主动”和“被动”免疫科学地结合起来，在直接抑制肿瘤细胞的同时深度调节和触发机体免疫系统，形成免疫启动-免疫效应-肿瘤细胞死亡-抗原释放导致免疫再启动-免疫再效应的反复循环，最大限度地发挥抗肿瘤免疫效果。本文就原位疫苗的具体策略、临床前研究和临床试验的进展，以及原位疫苗的优势、存在问题和应对策略等展开讨论。

New strategies for cancer immunotherapy have developed rapidly in recent years. Regarding how to achieve the optimal anti-tumor immune effect,“passive”immunotherapy such as adoptive cell transfer therapy, genetically engineered T cells, etc. can be used to directly attack tumor cells while“active”immunotherapy such as cytokines, cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors,etc. can be used to regulate and activate immune system. In situ vaccine, using intratumoral administration of immunomodulators,combines“active”and“passive”immunotherapies scientifically at the same time, forming a cycle composed of immune priming-immune activition-tumor cell death-antigen release resulting in immune priming-immune activition, ultimately maximizing the anti-tumor immune effect. This review describes the specific strategies, promising preclinical results and some clinical trials as well as advantages,challenges and perspectives of in situ vaccine.

国家自然科学基金资助项目（No.81672367)