单细胞测序技术是指以单个细胞为单位，通过高通量测序技术全方位分析单个细胞内的遗传信息，其已成为现代生物 学深度研究的一种强有力工具，使生物医药领域研究和临床应用转化研究达到了传统测序方法难以实现的极高精确度和灵敏度。 目前，单细胞转录组测序（又称“单细胞RNA测序”，scRNA-seq）已成为最广泛应用的单细胞测序技术。简要介绍scRNA-seq技术 的发展历程、技术原理和方法，系统阐述其应用在肿瘤异质性、肿瘤转移、肿瘤免疫、肿瘤耐药等基础领域的研究成果及其在肿瘤精 准医疗的临床转化与应用中的研究进展，单细胞测序技术的发展和应用必将推动肿瘤精准医疗迈向更高水平。

Single-cell sequencing is a new technology for comprehensive analysis of genetic information at single cell level through high[1]throughput sequencing technology. Single-cell sequencing has become a powerful tool for in-depth research in modern biology. Single-cell sequencing technologies have enabled the research in biomedical field and clinical translation to achieve a high level of accuracy and sensitivity that traditional sequencing technology couldn’t achieve. At present, single-cell transcriptome sequencing (often referred to as “single-cell RNA sequencing”, scRNA-seq) has become the most widely used single-cell sequencing technology. In this paper, the development history, technical principles and methods of scRNA-seq are briefly introduced. In addition, the research achievements of scRNA-seq in the basic research fields of tumor heterogeneity, tumor metastasis, tumor immunity and tumor drug resistance, as well as its research progress on translational medicine and application in tumor precision medicine are systematically described, in hope to promote tumor precision medicine to a higher level through the development and application of single-cell sequencing technology.

江苏省“双创人才计划”资助项目（No.JSP-ORB2019- 12-04）