PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在乳腺癌免疫治疗中的应用已逐渐成为一种重要的治疗手段，然而对乳腺癌，尤其是三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）的免疫治疗仍存在某些亟待解决的科学问题，包括PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂单药治疗的有效率欠佳，目前尚无明确的生物标志物来有效筛查治疗敏感人群，免疫相关不良反应（irAE）的发生率高。为了提高疗效和减少irAE 的发生，采取以下措施是非常重要的：探讨PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂与其他药物的联合应用方案；采用纳米技术开发选择性靶向肿瘤细胞的纳米载体，降低抗肿瘤药物毒性并提高疗效；探寻开发可预测免疫治疗反应潜力的生物标志物；早期识别和诊疗irAE 并建设多学科诊疗协作组（MDT）模式。随着这些措施的积极推进和问题的不断解决，PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在乳腺癌的治疗中必将呈现出更为广阔的应用前景。

PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have emerged as an important therapeutic tool in breast cancer immunotherapy. However, certain scientific issues remain to be addressed urgently in immunotherapy for breast cancer, especially for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), including the poor efficiency of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy, the lack of explicit biomarkers to effectively screen treatment-sensitive populations, and the high incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). In order to improve the treatmentefficacy and reduce the incidence of irAEs, it is important to take some measures, such as exploring combined treatment of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and other drugs, using nanotechnology to develop nanocarriers that selectively target tumor cells to reduce the toxicity andincrease the efficacy of antitumor drugs, exploring biomarkers that can predict the response potential of immunotherapy, and early identification and treatment of irAEs and the construction and development of a multidisciplinary team (MDT) model. As these measures are actively promoted and the problems continue to be solved, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors will certainly have a broader application prospect in the treatment of breast cancer.

国家自然科学基金（No.32270955）：江苏省重点研发计划专项资金项目（No.BE2022719）；江苏省中医药科技发展计划专题研究项目（No. ZT202115）；常州市社会发展科技支撑项目（No.CE20215030）