正常细胞及肿瘤细胞在发生凋亡或受到某些信号刺激时均可释放出直径为0.1~1 μm的膜状囊泡。肿瘤细胞受到信号刺激后骨架改变，导致细胞质膜包裹细胞内容物并向膜外侧起泡形成囊状小体，称为肿瘤囊泡，其不仅影响肿瘤细胞的生物学特性，对肿瘤免疫微环境也产生深刻的影响。除生物学效应外肿瘤囊泡还可作为一种天然的药物载体将治疗药物递送到肿瘤细胞，发挥抗肿瘤作用。研究证实，载药的肿瘤囊泡在天然免疫和获得性免疫反应中均体现良好的抗肿瘤激活效应，目前载药肿瘤囊泡已经进入临床应用阶段，在胆管癌、恶性胸腔积液的治疗中展现了良好的应用前景。

Mammalian normal cells and tumor cells can release extracellular vesicles with 0.1-1 μm diameter when apoptosis or signal stimulation occurs. These signals stimulate the cytoskeleton changes to cause the plasma membrane to wrap the cellular contents and form extracellular vesicles, which are called tumor vesicles, which not only affect the biological characteristics of tumor cells but also have a profound impact on the tumor immune microenvironment. In addition to the biological effects, tumor vesicles can be used as a natural drug carrier, delivering therapeutic drugs to tumor cells and exerting anti-tumor effects. Follow-up studies have confirmed that drug-delivery tumor vesicles have a good anti-tumor activation effect in both innate and acquired immune responses. At present, drug-delivery tumor vesicles have entered the stage of clinical application. It has shown good application prospects in treating cholangiocarcinoma and malignant pleural effusion.

国家自然科学基金（No. 82071864，No. 82150103）；华中科技大学学术前沿青年团队计划（No. 2018QYTD01）；湖北省重点研发计划（No. 2020BCA068）；湖北省青年拔尖人才培养计划；国家级大学生创新创业项目（No. 202210487093）