肿瘤免疫细胞疗法展现了良好的临床抗肿瘤前景。树突状细胞（DC）识别肿瘤抗原作为机体免疫响应的关键起始步骤，捕获肿瘤抗原后分化成熟，在淋巴结将抗原信号提呈给CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞等免疫细胞，激发抗肿瘤效应，应用于肿瘤治疗，尤其是实体瘤，被寄予厚望。但由于实体瘤TME复杂的结构特点、DC和T/B 细胞免疫响应的机制不清晰等问题犹如崇山峻岭摆在眼前，故未能形成关键理论和技术突破。以CAR-T 细胞为代表的精准细胞免疫疗法已表现出优势，但仍面临抗原选择瓶颈。DC治疗性疫苗在临床试验中表现出良好的疗效和安全性，随着DC在TME中关键作用机制的进一步揭示，研究者的目光重新聚焦在DC抗肿瘤效应，推动着DC与其他手段的联合疗法、工程化DC疫苗等实体瘤治疗方案从基础向临床转化，目前正迈入DC临床治疗实体瘤的新阶段。本文系统地对DC治疗实体瘤的临床研究进展、实体瘤TME中DC的种类及其抗肿瘤机制、工程化DC疫苗，以及面临的挑战和应对策略等问题进行了评述。

Tumor immunocytotherapy has shown promising clinical prospects. Recognition of tumor antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) is a critical initiating step in immune response. After capturing tumor antigens, DCs differentiate into mature cells and present the antigen signals to immune cells such as CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells in the lymph nodes, thereby stimulating an anti-tumor effect. This approach holds great potential for tumor treatment, especially for solid tumors. However, the complex structure of the solid tumor microenvironment and unclear mechanisms of DC and T/B cell immune response present significant challenges in front of us; therefore, the key theoretical and technological breakthroughs have not been achieved yet. Despite the advantages demonstrated by precise cellular immunotherapy such as CAR-T cells, antigen selection remains a bottleneck in treating solid tumors. DC-based therapeutic vaccines have shown promising efficacy and safety in clinical trials. With further elucidation of the important mechanisms of DCs in the TME, researchers have refocused on the anti-tumor effects of DCs. This has prompted the clinical transformation of DC combination therapies and synthetic biology vaccines for the treatment of solid tumors. Currently, DC-based clinical treatments for solid tumors are entering a new stage. This article provides a comprehensive review of the progress in clinical research on DC-based therapy for solid tumors, the types of DCs in TME and their anti-tumor mechanisms, engineered DC vaccines, as well as the existing challenges and coping strategies.

北京市科学技术委员会干细胞与再生医学研究项目（No. Z181100001818004）；国家自然科学基金青年项目（No. 31900678）